An introduction to language 10th edition pdf free download

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Language play allows humans to map an infinite number of real-world details onto a small finite number of sounds, letters and words. Any word that conforms to the sound pattern of English is a correct answer. For example: Bliting: bl as in blood, iting as in lighting Krame: kr as in cream, ame as in aim Swirler: sw as in swim, irl as in girl, er as in rider Kristclean: kr as in cream, i as in pit, st as in street, clean as in clean Atla: as in atlas Oxfo: ox as in ox, fo as in foe Existing English words as names of new products are also acceptable: for example, Kleen or Clean as the name of a laundry soap.

Grammaticality judgments. The following sentences are ungrammatical, but note that some judgments may vary across dialects: a. The word to is missing in front of the verb go. The verb force requires a to infinitive in the embedded clause. Particles are preposition-like words that occur with verbs such as look, as in look up the number or look over the data. Particles can occur after their direct object: look the number up; look the data over.

True prepositions do not behave this way. The by in He drove by my house functions as a preposition and may not occur after the direct object. You cannot turn a statement that begins with a prepositional phrase into a question. W hile you can form a question from Little Jack Horner sat in a corner with Did little Jack Horner sit in a corner, you cannot question the sentence In a corner little Jack Horner sat.

The verb resemble does not occur in passive sentences. If the pronoun it refers to an animate nonhuman thing e. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Flabbergast is a transitive verb: it requires a direct object. Compare That birds can fly flabbergasts John. The verb sleep is intransitive: it cannot take a direct object in this case, the baby.

The clause following the adjective surprised cannot be in the infinitive form, e. The coordinate structure constraint see Chapter 3 for mention, but not a complete description requires coordinate structures to be treated as a whole, not in part. Reflexive pronouns like myself, yourself, herself, themselves, etc. A wh- phrase cannot be moved from inside a coordinate structure e.

Onomatopoeic words. Sample answers: swish— what you do when you ski thunk—the sound of a baseball hitting a mitt scrunge—the sound of a sponge wiping a table glup—the sound made when you swallow squeeng—the sound made when you pluck a taut elastic band 4.

Nonarbitrary and arbitrary signs. Sample answers: a. The first statement I learned a new word today is quite probable. We constantly add to our vocabulary. In reading this book, for example, you may learn many new words. The second statement I learned a new sentence today is not very likely, since most sentences are not learned or memorized but rather constructed freely.

Some sentences, such as slogans or sentences from a foreign language, may be learned as whole entities. Alex, the African grey parrot. Answers will vary. They may further point out, however, that the ability to make human-like sounds and to memorize even a large number of words is not, in itself, language.

The real question is not whether Alex can use human-like sounds to communicate, which he clearly can, but whether he has human language-like capabilities. Human language is an infinitely creative system made up of discrete, meaningful parts that may be combined in various ways. There is no data demonstrating that Alex has any understanding or use of syntax. Without syntax, the communication system cannot be anything more than a communication system.

Communication system of a wolf. Human language, on the other hand, is capable of expressing an infinite number of messages on any topic. Moreover, a wolf is unable to produce new messages using a different combination of independently meaningful gestures the way humans can.

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